The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks carried out by the Islamist extremist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of September 11, 2001. These attacks were unprecedented in their scale and impact, resulting in the deaths of 2,996 people, including the 19 hijackers, and causing extensive destruction and a profound shift in global politics and security.
The Attacks
World Trade Center
The most notable targets were the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. At 8:46 a.m., American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower. Just 17 minutes later, at 9:03 a.m., United Airlines Flight 175 struck the South Tower. The impact and subsequent fires caused both towers to collapse within hours, leading to significant loss of life and widespread devastation.
The Pentagon
Simultaneously, at 9:37 a.m., a third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was flown into the Pentagon, the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, in Arlington, Virginia. The attack resulted in substantial damage to the building's western side and the deaths of 125 military and civilian personnel, in addition to the passengers on the plane.
United Airlines Flight 93
The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was hijacked and headed towards a target in Washington, D.C., believed to be either the White House or the U.S. Capitol. The passengers, having learned about the other attacks through phone calls, bravely attempted to regain control of the plane. Their actions led to the plane crashing into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, at 10:03 a.m., preventing further potential casualties.
Immediate Aftermath
The attacks resulted in nearly 3,000 deaths and caused catastrophic damage, particularly in New York City. The collapse of the Twin Towers created a massive debris field and fires that burned for weeks. The attacks had a profound emotional and psychological impact on the American public and the global community, symbolizing vulnerability and leading to widespread fear and uncertainty.
Global and Political Impact
The 9/11 attacks prompted immediate global condemnation and support for the United States. They led to the launch of the War on Terror, spearheaded by the United States with significant international support. Key components of this response included the invasion of Afghanistan to dismantle al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban from power, and later the invasion of Iraq. Domestically, the attacks led to significant changes in U.S. security policy, including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, the implementation of the USA PATRIOT Act, and the expansion of intelligence and surveillance operations.
Economic Impact
The attacks had a severe economic impact, causing an estimated $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. Financial markets were closed until September 17, marking the longest shutdown since the Great Depression. The loss of the Twin Towers also significantly disrupted global financial systems, as they housed numerous major financial firms.
Cultural and Societal Impact
The events of 9/11 deeply influenced American culture and society. The attacks have been commemorated annually, particularly through events such as the reading of victims' names at memorial services. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City stands as a tribute to the victims, featuring two reflecting pools set in the footprints of the Twin Towers. Art, literature, and media have extensively covered the attacks, exploring themes of heroism, resilience, and the impact of terrorism.
Environmental and Health Effects
The collapse of the Twin Towers released a toxic cloud of dust and debris, leading to significant health issues for first responders, recovery workers, and residents. Many have suffered from respiratory diseases, cancers, and other long-term health problems. The World Trade Center Health Program was established to provide monitoring and treatment for those affected.
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